昆士兰作业代写 无力感

2020-04-15 02:52

针和艾布拉姆森(1990)描述了绝望的绝望抑郁亚型是一个整体的无力感,有关于他们的情况下,由于他们持有的预期高度期望的结果不太可能或非常厌恶结果会发生什么。鉴于绝望的影响在抑郁症的病因和维持，针头和艾布拉姆森(1990)认为，为了减少抑郁症状，将需要增加希望。以同样的方式消极认知风格和消极生活事件导致绝望,增加针头和艾布拉姆森(1990)模型的恢复建议加强认知风格积极生活事件可能会导致增加抱有希望这将导致减少抑郁症状和可能的缓解抑郁症。Needles和Abramson对患有中度到重度抑郁症的大学生的研究是第一个支持抑郁症恢复模型的实证工作(1990)。从那以后，很少有研究直接测试这个模型。Edelman, Ahrens和Haaga(1994)的研究测试了恢复模型，发现在积极的生活事件存在时，增强的认知风格是抑郁大学生从抑郁中恢复的预测因子。然而，他们发现希望是增强认知风格、积极生活事件和从抑郁症状中恢复之间相互作用的中介，正如他们所假设的那样。Johnson、Crofton和Feinstein(1996)在成人精神疾病患者的对照临床样本上进行了下一项测试恢复模型的研究。与恢复模型一致的是，他们的研究发现，有积极生活事件存在的认知风格增强的患者最有可能产生希望，这也导致抑郁症状的总体减少。然而，他们并没有发现认知风格增强和积极生活事件的共同主要影响之间的任何相互作用，正如他们所预期的那样。相反，两种认知方式对增加希望和减少抑郁症状的主要影响实际上是分开的。
昆士兰作业代写 无力感
Needles and Abramson (1990) describes hopelessness in the context of the hopelessness depression subtype is an overall sense of powerlessness that one has in regard to their circumstances due to them holding on to expectations that highly desirable outcomes are not likely or that highly aversive outcomes are what will happen to them. Given the impact of hopelessness within the etiology and maintenance of depression, Needles and Abramson’s (1990) believed in order to decrease depressive symptoms there would need to be an increase in hopefulness. In the same way negative cognitive style and negative life events lead to an increase in hopelessness, Needles and Abramson’s (1990) model of recovery suggested that an enhancing cognitive style to positive life events could lead to an increase in hopefulness which would then result in a decrease of depressive symptoms and possibly the remission of depression. Needles and Abramson study on college students with moderate to severe depression was the first empirical work to support the recovery model of depression (1990). Since then there have been few studies that have directly tested this model. Edelman, Ahrens, and Haaga (1994) study which tested the recovery model found that an enhancing cognitive style, in the presence of positive life events, served as a predictor recovery from depression among depressed college students. However, they were to find hopefulness as a mediator for the interaction that existed between enhancing cognitive style, positive life events and recovery from depressive symptoms as they had hypothesized. The next study to test the recovery model was done by Johnson, Crofton, and Feinstein (1996) on a controlled clinical sample of adult psychiatric patients. Consistent with the recovery model their study found that patients who had an enhancing cognitive style with the presence of positive life events were the ones to most likely to develop hopefulness which also resulted in an overall decrease of depressive symptoms. However, they were unable to find any interaction effects between the combined main effects of both an enhancing cognitive style and the presence of positive life events as they too had anticipated. Instead, the main effects that both cognitive styles had on the increase in hopefulness and a decrease in depressive symptoms were in fact separate.

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