澳洲阿德莱德代写作业:中世纪思想时期

2018-11-24 00:31

中世纪思想时期:这一时期的杰出哲学家包括圣奥古斯丁、圣托马斯·阿奎那、邓斯·斯科特斯和奥卡姆的威廉。随着哲学家们对这一问题越来越感兴趣，古代思想的政治和社会动荡一直延续到这一时期。这导致了哲学家们对人类行为的分析。奥古斯丁提出人的自由源于因果影响的缺乏，阿奎那认为人的自由源于引起我们行为的内在思考。Gensler等人(31)认为，阿奎那对行为的分析不仅基于行为是否符合自然规律，还基于行为的具体特征;行为的对象定义了行为(与人交谈)，情境考虑了行为发生的环境(在演讲过程中在演讲厅)，而目的是行为的目的(向人提出关于演讲的问题)。所有这三个方面的行动必须是适当的，以使行动被认为是良好的。斯考特斯和奥卡姆都认为，道德判断的问题最终不是由理性解决的，而是由信念解决的。因此Gensler等人(31)认为，他们的观点增强了个人在道德和政治事务中的自主性。因此，中世纪的伦理观是相信上帝的存在，认为永恒的救赎应该是伦理行为的主要动机。
澳洲阿德莱德代写作业:中世纪思想时期
Medieval period of thought: prominent philosophers in this period include St Augustine, St Thomas Aquinas, Duns Scotus and William of Ockham. The political and social instability in the ancient period of thought continued into this period as the philosophers got more interested into gaining a deeper insight into this issue. This led to the analysis of human actions by the philosophers. Augustine proposed that human freedom stemmed from the lack of causal influences while Aquinas believed that human freedom stemmed from the internal deliberation that causes our actions. Gensler et al (31) claims that Aquinas analyzed actions on the basis not only of their conformity to the natural law but also of their specific features; the object of an action defines the action (talking to a person), the circumstances consider the context in which the action takes place (in a lecture hall during a lecture), and the end is the act’s purpose (to ask the person a question about the lecture). All these three aspects of action must be proper for the act to be considered good. Both Scotus and Ockham maintained that the matters of moral judgement were settled ultimately not by reason but by faith. Thus Gensler et al ( 31) claims that their views reinforced a stronger sense of individual autonomy both in moral and political matters. Hence the medieval view on ethics was the belief in the existence of God and that eternal salvation should be the principal motivation for the ethical behaviour.

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