澳洲珀斯代写Essay:沙夫-兰道的结论

2018-10-20 18:16

沙夫-兰道的结论的第二个可能的前提似乎也有同样的缺陷，因为它似乎忽视了主观主义道德推理本质的一些主要组成部分。按照沙弗·兰道的说法，质疑一个人道德价值的合法性的行为“毫无意义，因为(一个人自己的)认可和否定是对与错的最终检验”(第296页)。假设，通过这个论证，Shafer-Landau打算说道德价值不适合代表道德真理，因为它们代表的思想在内部质疑的影响下会发生变化，那么Shafer-Landau似乎忽略了主观主义理想的一个关键方面。根据《韦氏词典》的说法，主观主义是一种道德学说，它声称“个人的感觉或忧虑是善良和正义的最终标准”(主观主义，n.d.)。从这一定义可以看出，在主观主义模式下，没有客观的道德真理;相反，主观主义理想主张个人的价值观代表主观的道德真理，这是道德真理的最高层次(伦理指南:主观主义)。因此，主观主义并不偏爱任何一种道德价值，而是支持每一种个人价值，认为它对个人具有伦理意义。看来这个观点的本质可以很容易地扩展到沙夫-兰道论证中个人层面。如果个人之间的所有想法都具有道德价值，只要它们反映了个人的主观道德信念，那么似乎就可以得出这样的结论:只要个人的观点、情感或信仰在特定的时间内得到反映，个人内部所有不同的价值观都具有道德价值。
澳洲珀斯代写Essay:沙夫-兰道的结论
Shafer-Landau’s second possible premise for his conclusion appears to be equally flawed, as it seems to disregard some major components of the essence of subjectivist moral reasoning. According to Shafer Landau, the act of questioning the legitimacy of one’s moral values “cannot make sense, since [one’s own] approvals and disapprovals are the ultimate test of right and wrong” (p. 296). Assuming that, through this argument, Shafer-Landau intends to say that moral values are unfit to represent moral truth because they represent ideas that are subject to change under the influence of internal questioning, it appears that Shafer-Landau is overlooking a key aspect of the subjectivist ideal. According to Merriam-Webster, subjectivism is a moral doctrine which states that “individual feeling or apprehension is the ultimate criterion of the good and the right” (Subjectivism, n.d.).  From this definition, it is understood that under the subjectivist model, there are no objective moral truths; rather, the subjectivist ideal champions that each individual’s values represent subjective moral truths, which are the highest level of moral truth (Ethics Guide: Subjectivism). As a result, subjectivism does not give preference to any single moral value, but supports every individual value as ethically meaningful to that individual. And it seems that the essence of this idea can easily be expanded to the individual level used within Shafer-Landau’s argument. If all ideas between individuals are morally valuable so long as they reflect the subjective moral beliefs of that individual, it seems to follow that all differing values within an individual are morally valuable so long as they reflect that individual’s perspective, feeling, or belief at the given time.

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