澳洲珀斯代写Essay:联邦药品管理局

2018-11-28 13:11

自20世纪70年代中期以来，美国联邦药品管理局(FDA)对知情同意颁布了更严格的规定，为了吸引研究对象进行药物测试，高报酬是必要的。这通常意味着美国收入最低的人也会参与其中，因为很少有财务状况良好的人自愿成为制药公司的实验品。美国食品和药物管理局(fda)在批准销售新发现的药物之前，要求该药物在动物身上进行测试后，经过三个阶段的测试。在第一阶段，健康的人服用该药，以确定它是否有任何副作用。在第2阶段，给一小群病人服用该药以确定剂量水平。在第三阶段，医生和医院给大量的病人服用该药，以确定其疗效。说真的，参与药物和医学研究是一项危险的任务。没有人知道志愿者服用的药物的长期副作用。虽然药物是由动物测试的，但它对测试对象仍然有一定的风险。《华尔街日报》(The Wall Street journal)发表了一篇文章，报道百忧解(Prozac)的生产商礼来(Eli Lilly)利用无家可归的人测试药物，以获得FDA的批准。据报道，礼来公司每天支付85美元的项目将通过施粥所、监狱和收容所招募志愿者。这本杂志引起了社会各界的热烈讨论和评论。一些评论家评论礼来公司的决定是不道德的，因为他们招募那些无家可归的酗酒者，这可能会伤害他们的生活。然而，也有一些人支持礼来公司的决定。事实上，这个决定很难用道德或不道德来描述。因此，我们必须分析结果是积极的还是消极的。在功利主义理论中，折磨一个知道炸弹位置的人是一种很好的行为。因为这一法案可以防止被炸弹炸死的无辜人民的痛苦或死亡。
澳洲珀斯代写Essay:联邦药品管理局
Ever since the mid-1970s, the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) issued stricter rules on informed consent, high compensation has been necessary to attract research subjects for pharmaceutical tests. This generally means that the lowest income people in the U.S. are the ones who participate, since few people with comfortable financial circumstances volunteer to be guinea pigs for the drug companies. Before approving the sale of newly discovered drug, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration requires that the drug is put through 3 phrases of tests after being tested on animals. In phase 1, the drug is taken by healthy human individuals to determine whether it has any side effects. In phase 2, the drug is given to small group of sick patients to determine the dosage levels. In phase 3, the drug is given to large number of sick patients by doctors and hospitals to determine its efficacy.Seriously, participation in drug and medical studies is a dangerous mission. No one knows the long term side effects of the drugs that volunteers take. Although the drug is tested by the animals, it still has a certain percentage of risk to the test subject. The Wall Street journal published an article that reported Eli Lilly, maker of Prozac, uses homeless people to test drugs for FDA approval. The Eli Lilly program, which pays $85 per day, is reportedly to recruit the people through soup kitchens, prisons, and shelters. This journal has aroused a thrill of discussion and comments from the society. Some critics comment on the Eli Lilly Company’s decision is unethical by recruiting those homeless alcoholics which may harm their life. However, there are some people who support the decision made by Eli Lilly Company. In fact, the decision is hardly to be described either ethical or unethical. Thus, we must analyze the outcome whether it is positive or negative. In the theory of utilitarianism, torturing a person who knows the position of a bomb which will kill a number of people is a good act. It is because this act could prevent the pain or death of the innocent people who are exploded by the bomb.

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